Abstract With high commercial and environmental value, Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong is a tree species of the family Leguminosae - Mimosoideae, known as tamboril and used for civil construction, timber products, urban afforestation, and reforestation of degraded areas. In order to analyze the response of the species to the composite sewage sludge (LEC) in relation to the commercial substrate (SC), 5 substrate combinations were used: S1 (100% SC); S2 (75% SC + 25% LEC); S3 (50% LEC + 50% SC); S4 (75% LEC + 25% SC) and S5 (100% LEC), each with 4 replicates. These 5 substrate combinations were submitted to 3 irrigation slides: L1 (36 mm/day), L2 (72 mm/day) e L3 (108 mm/day). Biometric parameters (height, diameter, number of leaves), growth speed, dry biomass, Dickson Quality Index, and height/diameter ratio were measured. Based on the values obtained and on the upper averages for all the parameters evaluated, it is recommended to use S5, composed of 100% LEC with L1.

Resumo De grande valor comercial e ambiental, Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong é uma espécie arbórea da família Leguminosae - Mimosoideae, utilizada para produtos madeireiros, arborização urbana e reflorestamento de áreas degradadas. Objetivando-se analisar a resposta da espécie ao lodo de esgoto compostado (LEC) em relação ao substrato comercial (SC), foram utilizadas 5 combinações de substratos: S1 (100 % SC); S2 (75 % SC + 25 % LEC); S3 (50 % LEC + 50 % SC); S4 (75 % LEC + 25 % SC) e S5 (100 % LEC), cada qual com 4 repetições. Essas 5 combinações de substratos foram submetidas a 3 lâminas de irrigação: L1 (36 mm/dia), L2 (72 mm/dia) e L3 (108 mm/dia). Foram mensurados parâmetros biométricos (altura, diâmetro do coleto e número de folhas), velocidade de crescimento, biomassa seca, Índice de Qualidade de Dickson e a relação altura/diâmetro das plântulas. A partir dos valores obtidos, e com base nas médias superiores para todos os parâmetros avaliados, recomenda-se o uso de S5, composto 100 % LEC mediante o uso da L1.

Abstract The possibility of varying beer formulations is acquired by variations in beverage production and the usage of different ingredients such as wheat, rice, corn, rye, cassava, honey, fruits, and others. Consequently, this work aimed to develop artisanal beers adding rice flakes and soursop pulp as adjuncts. Four artisanal beer formulations were elaborated, evaluating the following parameters: °Brix, pH, density, alcohol content, total acidity, real extract, primitive extract, color and sensory acceptability. Results revealed that the samples were in accordance with the standards established by legislation. In the sensory analysis through the acceptance test, both pure malt beer and adjunct formulations exposed good acceptance in relation to the analyzed attributes. Regarding the beer formulations development, the results were satisfactory, ensuring quality artisanal beer varieties.

Background β-Glucosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of cellobiose and cellodextrins, releasing glucose as the main product. This enzyme is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. The aim of this work is to improve the β-glucosidase production by the fungus Lichtheimia ramosa by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using various agroindustrial residues and to evaluate the catalytic properties of this enzyme. Results A high production of β-glucosidase, about 274 U/g of dry substrate (or 27.4 U/mL), was obtained by cultivating the fungus on wheat bran with 65% of initial substrate moisture, at 96 h of incubation at 35°C. The enzymatic extract also exhibited carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase, and β-xylosidase activities. The optimal activity of β-glucosidase was observed at pH 5.5 and 65°C and was stable over a pH range of 3.5-10.5. The enzyme maintained its activity (about 98% residual activity) after 1 h at 55°C. The enzyme was subject to reversible competitive inhibition with glucose and showed high catalytic activity in solutions containing up to 10% of ethanol. Conclusions β-Glucosidase characteristics associated with its ability to hydrolyze cellobiose, underscore the utility of this enzyme in diverse industrial processes.

Estudou-se a influência das concentrações iniciais, no meio de Sauton, de asparagina e glicerol sobre as produtividades, expressas em unidades formadoras de colônias e biomassa microbiana, referentes aos cultivos submersos do Mycobacterium bovis, em biorreator de 20 mL. As concentrações iniciais de 2,27 e 25 mL/L de asparagina e glicerol, respectivamente, conduziram à maior produtividade, em unidades formadoras de colônias, a saber 2,7.10(6) colônias/mg.dia. Por outro lado, as concentrações de 4,54 e 25 mL/L dos mesmos componentes, corresponderam à melhor produtividade em biomassa, a saber: 2,5 g/dia. Através das análises dos consumos relativos de asparagina e glicerol (50 e 26% respectivamente), verificou-se também que as concentrações destes componentes podem ser reduzidas na composição original do meio de Sauton, com o objetivo de obter uma produção otimizada de vacina BCG em bioreator.

The influences of the L-asparagine and glycerol initial concentrations in Sauton medium on the productivities of biomass and colony forming units were studied. The submerged batch cultivations of Mycobacterium bovis were carried out in a 20 L bioreactor. The L-asparagine and glycerol initial concentrations of 4.54 g/L and 25 mL/L, respectively, corresponded to the best biomass productivity, namely 2.5 g/L.day. On the other hand, the concentrations of 2.27 g/L and 25 mL/L, respectively, led to the highest productivity in terms of colony forming units, namely 2.7·10(6) colonies/mg.day. In addition, by means of the relative consumption analysis of L-asparagine and glycerol (50 and 26% respectively), it was concluded that the concentrations of such components could be reduced, with respect to the original Sauton medium composition, aiming the obtainment of an optimal BCG vaccine production in the bioreactor.

O polissacarídeo de N. meningitidis sorogrupo C constitui o antígeno para a elaboração da vacina contra a meningite C. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar três meios de cultivo para produção desse polissacarídeo: Frantz, Frantz modificado (com a substituição de glicose por glicerol) e Catlin 6 (meio sintético com glicose). Os critérios comparativos foram baseados nas concentrações finais de polissacarídeo e o fator de conversão célula/polissacarídeo (Y P/X). Também foram determinados os parâmetros cinéticos de pH, consumo de substrato e crescimento celular. Para essa finalidade, foram efetuados nove cultivos em um biorreator New Brunswick de 80 L, sob as seguintes condições: 42 L de meio de cultura, temperatura de 35ºC, vazão de ar de 5 L/min, freqüência de agitação de 120 rpm e pressão da dorna de 6 psi, sem controles de oxigênio dissolvido ou pH. Os cultivos foram divididos em 3 grupos, com 3 repetições cada um. O cultivo usando o meio de Frantz apresentou os melhores resultados: medias de concentração final de polissacarídeo de 0,134 g/L e Y P/X=0,121, seguidos pelo meio de Catlin 6, com resultados de 0,095 g/L e 0,067 respectivamente. Considerando as principais vantagens do uso do meio sintético, como por exemplo, facilitação do cultivo e etapas de purificação do processo de produção do polissacarídeo, há a possibilidade do meio de Catlin 6 substituir o tradicional meio de Frantz em futuro próximo.

Polysaccharide of N. meningitidis serogroup C constitutes the antigen for the vaccine against meningitis. The goal of this work was to compare three cultivation media for production of this polysaccharide: Frantz, modified Frantz medium (with replacement of glucose by glycerol), and Catlin 6 (a synthetic medium with glucose). The comparative criteria were based on the final polysaccharide concentrations and the yield coefficient cell/polysaccharide (Y P/X). The kinetic parameters: pH, substrate consumption and cell growth were also determined. For this purpose, 9 cultivation runs were carried out in a 80 L New Brunswick bioreactor, under the following conditions: 42 L of culture medium, temperature 35ºC, air flow 5 L/min, agitation frequency 120 rpm and vessel pressure 6 psi, without dissolved oxygen or pH controls. The cultivation runs were divided in three groups, with 3 repetitions each. The cultivation using the Frantz medium presented the best results: average of final polysaccharide concentration = 0.134 g/L and Y P/X=0.121, followed by Catlin 6 medium, with results of 0.095 g/L and 0.067 respectively. Considering the principal advantages in the use of the synthetic medium, i.e. facilitation of a cultivation and purification steps of the polysaccharide production process, there is a possibility that in the near future, Catlin 6 will replace the traditional Frantz medium.

Polissacarídeo capsular, extraído de cultivos microbianos, é o principal antígeno para o preparo da vacina contra a doença causada por Neisseria meningitidis sorogrupo C. O conteúdo final de proteína permitido nessa vacina é de 1%. De modo a encontrar uma relação entre o consumo de nitrogênio, o crescimento microbiano (incluindo a produção de polissacarídeo) e o conteúdo de nitrogênio celular, cultivos foram realizados em um fermentador de 80 L (capacidade total), sob as seguintes condições: meio de Frantz; temperatura de 35ºC; vazão de ar de 5 L/min (0,125 vvm); freqüência de agitação de 120 rpm e pressão da dorna de 6 psi (kLa = 0.07 min-1). Durante os cultivos, foram determinadas as concentrações de biomassa, polissacarídeo, nitrogênio celular, nitrogênio residual orgânico e inorgânico no meio. De cinco fermentações realizadas sob as mesmas condições, encontrou-se uma porcentagem média de nitrogênio celular de 12,6% (p/p) em relação à biomassa seca. O nitrogênio inorgânico do meio não apresentou variação significativa ao longo do tempo de cultivo, enquanto que o consumo de nitrogênio orgânico foi linearmente relacionado com o crescimento da população celular, com fatores de conversão constantes (média de 8,44). A cinética de produção de polissacarídeo acompanhou a de crescimento da cultura celular até o começo da fase estacionária de crescimento e, a partir desse momento até o fim do cultivo, foi observada uma produção suplementar de polissacarídeo, mas sem absorção de nitrogênio pelas células. Assim, os resultados indicaram uma estratégia de produção de polissacarídeo em duas etapas, sendo a primeira crescimento celular seguida da produção de polissacarídeo não-associado ao crescimento microbiano.

Capsular polysaccharide, extracted from microorganism cultivations, is the principal antigen for elaboration of vaccine against the disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. The final protein content allowed in this vaccine is 1%. In order to find a relationship between nitrogen consumption and cell growth, including polysaccharide production, and cell nitrogen content, cultivations were carried out in an 80 liters bioreactor (total capacity), under the following conditions: Frantz medium; temperature of 35ºC; air flow of 5 L/min (0.125 vvm); agitation frequency of 120 rpm and vessel pressure of 6 psi (kLa = 0.07 min-1). Concentrations of biomass, total polysaccharide, cellular nitrogen, residual organic and inorganic nitrogen in the medium were measured during cultivation. From five cultivations carried out under the same conditions, a mean cell nitrogen percentage of 12.6% (w/w) in respect to the dry biomass was found. The inorganic nitrogen in the medium did not change significantly along the cultivation time, whereas the organic nitrogen consumption was linearly related to cell growth, with constant yield factors (average of 8.44). Polysaccharide production kinetics followed the cell growth kinetics until the beginning of the stationary growth phase. A supplemental polysaccharide production was observed until the end of cultivation, but without cell nitrogen absorption. Thus, the results indicate that polysaccharide is produced in two phases, being the first one biomass formation followed by non-associated to growth.